Original Research
Exploring Aviation English Teacher Preparedness: Scale Validation and Structural Equation Modeling
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As the global aviation industry increasingly relies on English for safety and operational efficiency, the demand for qualified Aviation English instructors continues to grow. However, preparing teachers to deliver this highly specialized form of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) poses unique pedagogical and psychological challenges. This study explores the preparedness of TEFL students for teaching Aviation English by examining six interrelated constructs: extrinsic motivation, mastery experience, vicarious experience, anxiety, emotional state, and institutional preparedness. Grounded in Self-Efficacy Theory and Self-Determination Theory, data were collected from 368 TEFL students at two private universities in Almaty, Kazakhstan and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results revealed that extrinsic motivation significantly enhances mastery experience and reduces anxiety, while institutional preparedness positively predicts both mastery and vicarious experiences. Moreover, mastery experience strongly influences emotional state, which in turn reinforces extrinsic motivation. Anxiety negatively impacts emotional state but is mitigated by institutional support. These findings suggest that both psychological and institutional factors jointly shape teachers’ confidence and readiness for Aviation English instruction. The study highlights the importance of targeted professional development in ESP contexts, especially in non-Anglophone countries.
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Keywords
ESP; Aviation English; Scale Validation; TEFL Students; Teacher Training Programs; Teacher Preparedness
Author(s) Information
Acknowledgements
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Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement
Maral Begimbayeva: Conceptualisation, Investigation, Methodology, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Software, Writing- Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing
Tulebike Kulgildinova: Conceptualization, Supervision, Resources, Validation
Zhanar Zhyltyrova: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing
Generative AI Use Disclosure Statement
In the preparation of this manuscript, an AI-assisted tool was used exclusively for language editing purposes, such as improving clarity, grammar, style, and readability (namely Grammarly). All academic content remains entirely the responsibility of the authors, who take full accountability for the accuracy and integrity of the work.
Ethics Declarations
World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki–Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants
The present study did not involve any medical research or clinical interventions with human participants. The design and execution of this research, however, were conducted with strict adherence to ethical standards applicable to research in education. Informed consent was obtained from the participants.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Data Availability
The authors will provide the raw data underlying the findings of this article without any unnecessary restrictions.